Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (C-PTSD), also known as complex PTSD, is a mental health condition that develops from prolonged or repeated exposure to traumatic events, often interpersonal in nature and occurring over months or years, such as childhood abuse, domestic violence, or human trafficking. Unlike standard PTSD, which typically stems from a single traumatic incident, C-PTSD is recognized in the ICD-11 as a distinct diagnosis involving core PTSD symptoms—re-experiencing the trauma through flashbacks or nightmares, avoidance of reminders, and a heightened sense of threat—plus additional disturbances in self-organization. These include emotional dysregulation (such as intense anger or persistent sadness), a negative self-concept (feelings of worthlessness or shame), and difficulties in forming or maintaining relationships. This broader symptom profile can profoundly impact daily functioning, identity, and interpersonal connections.

Treatment for C-PTSD primarily involves trauma-focused psychotherapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), or phase-based approaches that first stabilize emotions before processing trauma. Medications may help manage co-occurring issues like depression or anxiety, though no specific drug is approved solely for C-PTSD. Recovery is possible with appropriate support, often requiring longer-term therapy to address the deeper relational and self-perception wounds. Early intervention and specialized care from trauma-informed professionals can significantly improve outcomes and quality of life.